Updating the Electoral Count Act to Protect the Will of the People in Presidential Elections

At a Glance

The 2024 presidential election is likely to be one of the most contentious ever. In advance of the 2024 election and to protect the will of the people, CLC successfully urged Congress to update the Electoral Count Act (ECA) of 1887, the law that provides the primary legal framework for casting and counting Electoral College votes in presidential elections.

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Closed
About This Case/Action

The president and vice president are chosen by the Electoral College, which is composed of individuals called “electors” from each state. When Americans cast their ballots for president, they are actually voting for their state’s slate of electors. After Election Day, electors meet in their respective states to cast their electoral votes and send those votes to Congress. The role of Congress is to count the electoral votes from each state to confirm the winner. 

The ECA sets a timeline for selecting electors and transmitting their votes to Congress. The ECA also establishes procedures for how Congress counts the electoral votes and the role of the vice president, who presides over this process under the 12th Amendment as the president of the Senate.

To help prevent future attempts of election manipulation due to outdated language in the ECA, Campaign Legal Center (CLC) successfully urged Congress to modernize the ECA by the end of 2022. Currently, CLC is working to support states ahead of the 2024 presidential election to ensure their presidential election procedures conform to the newly passed federal law. 

What Congress Has Done

On July 20, 2022, a bipartisan group of senators, led by Sens. Susan Collins (R-ME) and Joe Manchin (D-WV), introduced the Electoral Count Reform Act (ECRA). Soon thereafter, the U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration held a hearing that demonstrated the widespread consensus among experts and across the political spectrum about how the ECA should be modernized.

On September 19, 2022, Reps. Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) and Liz Cheney (R-WY) introduced a separate proposal in the House to update the ECA, the Presidential Election Reform Act (PERA). Their legislation was swiftly brought to the House floor, where lawmakers voted to pass the bill by a vote of 229-203.

On September 27, the Senate Rules Committee held a business meeting to advance the ECRA in the legislative process, adopting bipartisan amendments that strengthened the bill and set the stage for a floor vote by the full Senate before the end of 2022.

On December 23, Congress passed the Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act as part of an end of year omnibus funding and policy package. On December 29, President Joe Biden signed the bill into law. 

Some key updates to the law include:

  • Prohibits state legislatures from changing the law after Election Day to overrule their voters and the results of the popular election
  • Provides procedures to resolve disputes about electors and election certifications before those disputes reach Congress
  • Strictly limits opportunities for members of Congress to second-guess states’ certified election results
  • Clarifies the vice president’s ministerial role in the counting of electoral votes and reinforces that the vice president does not decide election results 

Opposing the Use of Super PACs as “Slush Funds” for Presidential Candidates — CLC v. FEC (Dismissal Suit—Jeb Bush super PAC)

At a Glance

Campaign Legal Center (CLC) and Democracy 21 have sued the Federal Election Commission (FEC) for its dismissal of their complaints alleging that former Florida Governor Jeb Bush and Right to Rise Super PAC violated a provision of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) that prohibits federal candidates from “establishing, financing, maintaining or controlling” an entity that raises or spends unregulated funds outside of the federal contribution limits and source restrictions.

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About This Case/Action

BCRA prevents the use of candidate-controlled super PACs as vehicles for the wholesale circumvention of the contribution limits enacted to prevent quid pro quo corruption and its appearance. When a candidate campaign illegally “outsources” its fundraising and other operations to a supposedly independent super PAC, it is often able to evade important transparency requirements as well, leaving voters in the dark about the nature of a candidate’s financial support. 

Campaign Legal Center (CLC) and Democracy 21 filed administrative complaints with the FEC on in March and May of 2015 alleging that former Florida Governor Jeb Bush had violated this BCRA provision by establishing, financing, maintaining and controlling Right to Rise Super PAC, which “act[ed] on his behalf” by raising and spending millions of dollars of unregulated money to promote his presidential campaign.




The complaints further alleged that Bush had illegally delayed announcing his candidacy and registering his campaign committee — likely in attempt to sidestep the prohibition on federal candidates establishing or operating super PACs. The plaintiffs further alleged Bush had used unregulated money to “test the waters” of his possible run for President and to fund de facto campaign activities prior to his declaration of candidacy and had failed to file required disclosure reports detailing his spending in this period. 

Citing news reports, the FEC complaint detailed the involvement of Bush and his close advisors in “establishing” the super PAC, noting that Bush and his associates reportedly recruited high-level staff for Right to Rise, such as installing Mike Murphy, one of Bush’s top advisers, at its helm. The FEC complaint also alleged Bush and his associates “financed” Right to Rise Super PAC, and that Bush himself, his advisors, and members of his family personally conducted fundraising for the super PAC. 

More than seven years after plaintiffs filed their first administrative complaint, the FEC finally took action, but only to dismiss the complaints without any investigation or enforcement action — despite a recommendation from its Office of General Counsel finding reason to believe the alleged violations had occurred.  

What's At Stake?

At stake is whether the FEC will enforce an important provision of federal law that prohibits federal candidates from establishing or operating super PACs—and other entities that do not comply with federal contribution limits and source restrictions—to serve as “slush funds” that finance their “testing-the-water” and campaign activities.


Without vigorous enforcement, the financing of campaigns for federal office becomes a free-for-all, and wealthy donors, including corporations and unions, can sidestep federal contribution limits and disclosure requirements by making unlimited contributions to super PACs effectively operated by their favored federal candidates

Plaintiffs

Campaign Legal Center and Democracy 21

Defendant

Federal Election Commission

Lichtenstein v. Hargett

At a Glance

On behalf of a local organizer and community engagement groups, CLC is challenging Tennessee’s felony prohibition on distributing absentee ballot applications, which deters organizations and individuals from encouraging and assisting eligible voters in obtaining mail ballots.

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Active
Updated
About This Case/Action

Campaign Legal Center (CLC) represents individual Jeffrey Lichtenstein and community organizations the Memphis A. Phillip Randolph Institute (MAPRI), Free Hearts, Memphis Central Labor Council (MCLC), and the Tennessee State Conference of the NAACP, in their efforts to stop enforcement of a law that criminalizes the distribution of absentee ballot applications by anyone other than an election official.

Mr. Lichtenstein and the Tennessee-based community organizations who brought this suit wish to distribute absentee ballot applications to eligible voters during voter engagement and get out the vote campaigns. But Tennessee law prohibits the plaintiffs from providing voters with the tools necessary to vote by mail. Although the application is available to download on the Tennessee Secretary of State’s website, it is a felony to download the application and provide it to an eligible voter—even at the voter’s request. Tennessee is among a very small minority of states that restrict voter engagement and advocacy in such a draconic manner. The lawsuit asks the Court to find that the law violates the plaintiffs’ First Amendment right to engage in political speech, and to stop the State from enforcing the prohibition.

CLC Provides Critical Guidance on Mass Challenges to Election Administrators 

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Washington, D.C. – Today, Campaign Legal Center (CLC) submitted letters to election offices in five states regarding frivolous mass challenges to voters’ eligibility: Michigan, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. The letters provide guidance for election officials about what the standards for challenges are in their respective states and how to dismiss illegitimate challenges to voter eligibility. 

“To make every vote count, we need a system that is free and fair to ensure that everyone’s voice is heard,” said Danielle Lang, Campaign Legal Center’s senior director for voting rights. “Partisan actors have shamefully weaponized mass challenges as part of a widespread effort to harass election workers, intimidate voters, and create unnecessary barriers to the ballot. This is already a busy time for election officials across the country, and they shouldn’t have to waste valuable resources responding to unfounded and frivolous challenges. Our hope is that these letters will provide the necessary guidance so that election workers can refocus their efforts on what really matters—ensuring a free and fair election where every vote is counted.”  

BACKGROUND

Election offices are being inundated with baseless mass challenges to voters’ eligibility. Just last month, Georgia’s Gwinnett County Board of Elections received challenges to the eligibility of some 37,500 voters—more than six percent of the county’s total registered voters, and more than three times President Biden’s 2020 margin of victory in Georgia. These unfounded challenges, orchestrated by outside partisan groups, risk disenfranchising eligible voters and take election officials’ attention away from their many critical tasks that ensure a smoothly run and secure election. 

Partisan actors have weaponized laws in many states that allow private citizens to challenge their peers’ right to vote, either before or on Election Day. These mass challenges can be based on meritless allegations such as a voter having changed addresses, and often rely on faulty data sets containing inaccurate or outdated information. If successful, these challenges can lead to eligible voters’ removal from the rolls, preventing them from participating in an election in which they are legally entitled to vote.  

For more information, click here or reach out to CLC’s Communications Manager for Voting & Elections, Matty Tate-Smith, at [email protected]

CLC and Eight Pro-Democracy Organizations Urge SCOTUS to Reject Dangerous Independent State Legislature Theory 

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Washington, DC – Today, Campaign Legal Center filed a friend-of-the-court brief in Moore v. Harper, which the Supreme Court will hear on December 7. The Supreme Court is being asked to consider the fringe Independent State Legislature theory, which could give state legislatures nearly unchecked power to set the rules for federal elections – with grave consequences for election law, the freedom to vote and the health of our democracy.    

“Checks and balances are a cornerstone of our democracy and help make sure no one person, party or legislative body can abuse their power. If adopted, the independent state legislature would eliminate the role of state courts to serve as a check on politicians who would otherwise gerrymander congressional districts and write election rules that undermine the freedom to vote,” said Paul Smith, senior vice president of Campaign Legal Center. “We urge the Supreme Court to uphold our system of checks and balances and preserve the role state courts and state constitutions play in facilitating a transparent, inclusive and accountable democracy.”  

Background: 

Moore v. Harper is centered on a gerrymandered congressional map in North Carolina. In 2021, North Carolina legislators crafted a congressional map that gave their own political party an unfair advantage in elections.  

North Carolina voters took the map to state court and won in the North Carolina Supreme Court. However, the state legislature was unhappy with the outcome and asked the U.S. Supreme Court to take up the case based on a fringe legal concept known as the “independent state legislature theory.” 

If the Supreme Court adopts the theory, politicians will have nearly unchecked power to pass undemocratic laws that thwart the will of voters by making it harder to vote. It could also open the door to unrestricted partisan gerrymandering, which allows politicians to manipulate election outcomes by choosing their own voters instead of the other way around. State courts would be powerless to stop them.    

Since the independent state legislature theory suggests politicians are the only state actors with the power to draw voting maps, the theory also puts the fate of independent redistricting commissions across the country in jeopardy. 

The independent state legislature theory could also throw our elections into chaos by invalidating election rules that voters passed through ballot initiatives and other avenues, such as expanded vote-by-mail or ranked choice voting. States could be forced to create completely different rules for state and federal elections, which would make elections even more confusing for voters.   

Campaign Legal Center’s friend-of-the court brief outlines how dangerous the independent state legislature theory is to our democracy and encourages the Supreme Court to preserve the role state courts and independent redistricting commissions play in facilitating a transparent, inclusive and accountable democracy.   

CLC’s brief is joined by a diverse group of democracy reform, public policy, and faith-based organizations whose missions include ensuring that the democratic process is free and fair for all voters. The organizations joining the CLC brief are Democracy 21, End Citizens United//Let America Vote Action Fund, National Council of Jewish Women, Inc., OneVirginia2021, RepresentUs, Republican Women for Progress, Unitarian Universalists for Social Justice, and Voters Not Politicians.   

Campaign Legal Center and Chautauqua Institution Launch Partnership

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Campaign Legal Center and Chautauqua Institution Launch Partnership 

WASHINGTON, D.C. — To build on their respective missions that advance democracy, Campaign Legal Center (CLC) and Chautauqua Institution today announced a partnership to co-create, host and distribute programming centering on voter education and engagement.

 

The partnership launches Nov. 1 on Chautauqua’s CHQ Assembly streaming channel with the premiere of a conversation between CLC Founder and President, and Republican former Chairman of the Federal Election Commission (FEC) Trevor Potter and Chautauqua President Michael E. Hill, examining the mission of CLC and key issues at play in the upcoming mid-term election. The launch will also feature a series of short educational videos produced by CLC covering topics such as what voters should know about secret spending in our elections, voting by mail, and the work being done to safeguard the 2024 presidential election.



“Trevor Potter has presented on the Chautauqua Lecture Series twice in the past, most recently during Week Five of the 2022 Summer Assembly when we explored the theme ‘The Vote and Democracy,’” Hill said. “We realized then that there was much more we could do together to pursue our common commitments to advancing democracy through education and dialogue.”



"CLC honored to partner with the Chautauqua Institution at this critical time for our democracy,” Potter said. “The airwaves and online spaces are awash with misinformation about our elections, and partisan actors are constantly probing for weak spots in order to gain an advantage while the powers that be repeatedly fail to hold them accountable. It is my sincere hope that this collaboration will help connect voters with the tools they need to exercise their rights, while elevating awareness about rising threats to our electoral process.”



Future programs will be co-presented on CHQ Assembly and in-person in Washington, D.C., and on Chautauqua’s grounds in Chautauqua, New York, during the Institution’s annual nine-week Summer Assembly.



CHQ Assembly programs are presented live and on-demand at assembly.chq.org (subscription required). The entire library of lectures and many other events from Chautauqua’s 2022 and 2021 seasons are available now, in addition to new programs that are launched each week.  To stay up to date on CLC’s work and learn more about protecting our democracy, visit the CLC blog (CLICK HERE) and/or subscribe to the CLC YouTube channel (CLICK HERE).

 

 




ABOUT CAMPAIGN LEGAL CENTER
Campaign Legal Center (CLC) is a nonpartisan organization that advocates for every eligible voter to meaningfully participate in the democratic process. We use tactics such as litigation, policy advocacy and communications to make a systemic impact at all levels of government. www.campaignlegal.org




ABOUT CHAUTAUQUA INSTITUTION
Chautauqua Institution is a community on the shores of Chautauqua Lake in southwestern New York state that comes alive each summer — and year-round through the CHQ Assembly online platforms — with a unique mix of fine and performing arts, lectures, interfaith worship and programs, and recreational activities. As a community, we celebrate, encourage and study the arts and treat them as integral to all of learning, and we convene the critical conversations of the day to advance understanding through civil dialogue. www.chq.org